Common Private Market Terms
The Landscape
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All investment activity that happens outside public exchanges: private equity, credit, real estate, venture capital, and direct ownership.
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Any deal not traded publicly; could be an active joint venture, a note, or an equity stake.
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A regulated offering of securities under SEC exemptions (usually Reg D). Every syndication or private fund is built on this chassis.
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A single-asset private placement (common in real estate, energy, or operating businesses) where multiple LPs fund one project.
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A committed-capital vehicle investing across multiple assets, where investors rely on the sponsor’s future deal selection.
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A single legal entity formed to isolate risk and hold one investment or a narrow group of assets.
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Full disclosure document: terms, risks, management bios, and use of proceeds.
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The contract that governs decision-making, fees, voting, and distributions.
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The investor’s signed commitment to purchase units and attest accreditation.
Structure & Roles
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An individual or entity that meets the SEC’s financial standards to participate in private offerings under Regulation D.
For individuals, that means either:Income test: Annual income over $200,000 ($300,000 jointly with a spouse or partner) for the past two years with a reasonable expectation of the same for the current year, or
Net-worth test: Net worth over $1 million (excluding the primary residence).
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The managing member; sources deals, secures debt, oversees operations.
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The passive investor; limited liability, receives cash flow and tax benefits.
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Middle layer between debt and common equity; fixed yield with some upside.
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Subordinated debt, higher yield, often with equity kicker.
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The full set of funding layers (senior debt → mezz → pref → common).
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GP’s share of profits above a hurdle, aligning them with LP performance.
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The minimum return before the GP earns carry.
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Base annual yield paid to LPs before profit split.
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The ordered sequence for distributing profits.
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Formal request for committed capital to be wired.
Financial & Return Metrics
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Annual cash yield divided by invested equity.
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Time-weighted annualized return including all inflows and outflows.
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Total cash received ÷ total cash invested.
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The percentage allocation of profits between LP and GP after hurdles.
Tax & Accounting Terms
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100 % immediate expensing of qualified property; reinstated for 2025 onward.
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Tax owed when previously depreciated assets are sold.
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Deductions that offset passive income; can’t offset W-2 income unless you qualify as a Real Estate Professional.
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Partnership tax form reporting each investor’s share of income, loss, and depreciation.
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Defers capital gains by rolling sale proceeds into like-kind property.
Debt & Capital Markets Language
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Net operating income ÷ debt service; > 1.25× is healthy.
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Fixed locks the rate; floating moves with an index plus spread.
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Derivative limiting exposure on floating-rate loans.
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When new debt replaces old, often returning capital to investors.
Operational & Asset Terms
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Strategy focused on improving operations or assets to raise income/value.
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Spectrum of risk/return; from stable income to heavy repositioning.
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Revenue minus operating expenses (before debt and taxes).
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Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization—proxy for cash generation.
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Planned duration of investment (often 3–10 years).
Behavioral & Strategy Concepts
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Structural or contractual features limiting loss (collateral, pref equity).
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Additional return expected for locking up capital.
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Value created when private investors act patiently while public markets chase quarters.
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How quickly returned capital is redeployed to compound returns.
Putting It Together
Private placements live at the intersection of securities law, tax engineering, and operational execution.
Learning the vocabulary is how you decode what’s really being sold and whether the structure protects or exposes you.
Once you speak this language, you stop being a “passive investor” and start thinking like a limited partner.
